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A new climate model developed by Yale scientists puts the "global warming hiatus" into a broader historical context and offers a new method for predicting global mean temperature.

Research by professor Alexey Fedorov and graduate student Shineng Hu indicates that weak El Ni帽o activity from 1998 until 2013, rather than a pause in long-term global warming, was the root cause for slower rates of increased surface temperature. The research, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, also finds that volcanic activity played only a minor role.

"Our main conclusion is that global warming never went away, as one might imply from the term 'global warming hiatus,'" said Fedorov, who has conducted extensive research on the oceans' role in climate. "The warming can be masked by inter-annual and decadal natural climate variability, but then it comes back with a vengeance."

El Ni帽o events contribute to year-to-year variations in global mean temperature by modulating the heat that is released from tropical oceans into the atmosphere, the researchers noted. That is, El Ni帽o warms the atmosphere, while the cold phase of the phenomenon, La Ni帽a, cools the atmosphere.

Multiple strong El Ni帽o events occurred in the 1980s and 1990s. This was followed by much weaker El Ni帽o activity, which lasted until 2014.

"The recent rapid rise in global temperature mainly resulted from the prolonged 2014-2016 El Ni帽o conditions in the tropics that reached an extreme magnitude in the winter of 2015," said Hu, who is the first author of the study. "The corresponding heat release into the atmosphere, together with the ongoing background global warming trend, made 2014, 2015, and 2016 the three consecutive warmest years of the instrumental record so far."

Hu and Fedorov constructed a simple model of global mean surface temperature (GMST) that incorporates greenhouse gas emissions, El Ni帽o-Southern Oscillation data, and stratospheric sulfate aerosols produced by volcanic eruptions. The model closely mirrors GMST changes since 1880, including the so-called global warming hiatus and the more recent temperature rise.

"From a practical perspective, our method, when combined with El Ni帽o prediction, allows us to predict next-year global mean temperature," Fedorov said. "Accordingly, 2017 will remain among the hottest years of the observational record, perhaps just a notch colder than 2016 or 2015."